Goldman, L., et al.

Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures, NEJM 1977

• preoperative third heart sound or jugular venous distention
• myocardial infarction in the preceding six months
• more than five premature ventricular contractions per minute documented at any time before operation
• rhythm other than sinus or presence of premature atrial contractions on preoperative electrocardiogram
• age over 70 years
• intraperitoneal, intrathoracic or aortic operation
• emergency operation
• important valvular aortic stenosis
• poor general medical condition
  

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